Publishers Cambridge University Press

Cover for Lake, Milli (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Strong NGOs and Weak States: Pursuing Gender Justice in the Democratic Republic of Congo and South Africa (Paperback Book) (2019)

Strong NGOs and Weak States: Pur... (2019)

Lake, Milli (London School of Ec...

Cover for Sierra Silva, Pablo Miguel (University of Rochester, New York) · Urban Slavery in Colonial Mexico: Puebla de los Angeles, 1531–1706 - Cambridge Latin American Studies (Paperback Book) (2019)

Urban Slavery in Colonial Mexico... (2019)

Sierra Silva, Pablo Miguel (Univ...

Cover for Gould, Jeffrey L. (Indiana University, Bloomington) · Solidarity Under Siege: The Salvadoran Labor Movement, 1970–1990 (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Solidarity Under Siege: The Salv... (2019)

Gould, Jeffrey L. (Indiana Unive...

Cover for Stevens, Kathryn (University of Durham) · Between Greece and Babylonia: Hellenistic Intellectual History in Cross-Cultural Perspective - Cambridge Classical Studies (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Between Greece and Babylonia: He... (2019)

Stevens, Kathryn (University of ...

Cover for Saiful Mujani · Voting Behavior in Indonesia since Democratization: Critical Democrats (Paperback Book) (2019)

Voting Behavior in Indonesia sin... (2019)

Cover for James G Keenan · Law and Legal Practice in Egypt from Alexander to the Arab Conquest: A Selection of Papyrological Sources in Translation, with Introductions and Commentary (Paperback Book) (2019)

Law and Legal Practice in Egypt ... (2019)

Cover for Khan Mohmand, Shandana (University of Sussex) · Crafty Oligarchs, Savvy Voters: Democracy under Inequality in Rural Pakistan - South Asia in the Social Sciences (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Crafty Oligarchs, Savvy Voters: ... (2019)

Khan Mohmand, Shandana (Universi...

Cover for R. Kavita Rao · Evolution of Goods and Services Tax in India (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Evolution of Goods and Services ... (2019)

Cover for Law, Ricky W. (Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania) · Transnational Nazism: Ideology and Culture in German-Japanese Relations, 1919–1936 - Publications of the German Historical Institute (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Transnational Nazism: Ideology a... (2019)

Law, Ricky W. (Carnegie Mellon U...

Cover for Peterson, Maya K. (University of California, Santa Cruz) · Pipe Dreams: Water and Empire in Central Asia's Aral Sea Basin - Studies in Environment and History (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Pipe Dreams: Water and Empire in... (2019)

Peterson, Maya K. (University of...

Cover for Sebastian Felix Schwemer · Licensing and Access to Content in the European Union: Regulation between Copyright and Competition Law - Cambridge Intellectual Property and Information Law (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Licensing and Access to Content ... (2019)

Sebastian Felix Schwemer

Cover for Joerstad, Mari (Duke University, North Carolina) · The Hebrew Bible and Environmental Ethics: Humans, NonHumans, and the Living Landscape (Hardcover Book) (2019)

The Hebrew Bible and Environment... (2019)

Joerstad, Mari (Duke University,...

Cover for Liu, C. S. (University of Maryland, College Park) · High-Power Laser-Plasma Interaction (Hardcover Book) (2019)

High-Power Laser-Plasma Interaction (2019)

Liu, C. S. (University of Maryla...

Cover for Squintani, Lorenzo (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands) · Beyond Minimum Harmonisation: Gold-Plating and Green-Plating of European Environmental Law - Cambridge Studies in European Law and Policy (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Beyond Minimum Harmonisation: Go... (2019)

Squintani, Lorenzo (Rijksunivers...

Cover for Neeladri Bhattacharya · Landscape, Culture, and Belonging: Writing the History of Northeast India (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Landscape, Culture, and Belongin... (2019)

Neeladri Bhattacharya

Cover for Honohan, Patrick (Trinity College Dublin) · Currency, Credit and Crisis: Central Banking in Ireland and Europe - Studies in Macroeconomic History (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Currency, Credit and Crisis: Cen... (2019)

Honohan, Patrick (Trinity Colleg...

Cover for M. S. Swaminathan · Major Flowering Trees of Tropical Gardens (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Major Flowering Trees of Tropica... (2019)

M. S. Swaminathan

Cover for Stephen J Turner · Environmental Rights: The Development of Standards (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Environmental Rights: The Develo... (2019)

Stephen J Turner

Cover for Azmi, Feza Tabassum (Aligarh Muslim University, India) · Strategic Human Resource Management: Volume 1: Text and Cases (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Strategic Human Resource Managem... (2019)

Azmi, Feza Tabassum (Aligarh Mus...

Cover for Nageswaran, V. Anantha (Singapore Management University) · The Rise of Finance: Causes, Consequences and Cures (Hardcover Book) (2019)

The Rise of Finance: Causes, Con... (2019)

Nageswaran, V. Anantha (Singapor...

Cover for Devika Sethi · War over Words: Censorship in India, 1930-1960 (Hardcover Book) (2019)

War over Words: Censorship in In... (2019)

Cover for Krichewsky, Damien (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Economic Responsiveness in India (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Corporate Social Responsibility ... (2019)

Krichewsky, Damien (Rheinische F...

Cover for Arghya Sengupta · Independence and Accountability of the Higher Indian Judiciary (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Independence and Accountability ... (2019)

Arghya Sengupta

Cover for Pal, Palash B. (Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, India) · A Physicist's Introduction to Algebraic Structures: Vector Spaces, Groups, Topological Spaces and More (Hardcover Book) (2019)

A Physicist's Introduction to Al... (2019)

Pal, Palash B. (Saha Institute o...

Cover for Achin Chakraborty · Limits of Bargaining: Capital, Labour and the State in Contemporary India (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Limits of Bargaining: Capital, L... (2019)

Achin Chakraborty

Cover for Barrientos, Stephanie (University of Manchester) · Gender and Work in Global Value Chains: Capturing the Gains? - Development Trajectories in Global Value Chains (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Gender and Work in Global Value ... (2019)

Barrientos, Stephanie (Universit...

Cover for Dyrness, William A. (Fuller Theological Seminary, California) · The Origins of Protestant Aesthetics in Early Modern Europe: Calvin's Reformation Poetics (Hardcover Book) (2019)

The Origins of Protestant Aesthe... (2019)

Dyrness, William A. (Fuller Theo...

Cover for Marwah, Inder S. (McMaster University, Ontario) · Liberalism, Diversity and Domination: Kant, Mill and the Government of Difference (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Liberalism, Diversity and Domina... (2019)

Marwah, Inder S. (McMaster Unive...

Cover for Kikon, Dolly (University of Melbourne) · Leaving the Land: Indigenous Migration and Affective Labour in India (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Leaving the Land: Indigenous Mig... (2019)

Kikon, Dolly (University of Melb...

Cover for Sen, Sandeep (Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi) · Design and Analysis of Algorithms: A Contemporary Perspective (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Design and Analysis of Algorithm... (2019)

Sen, Sandeep (Indian Institute o...

Cover for Levin-Richardson, Sarah (University of Washington) · The Brothel of Pompeii: Sex, Class, and Gender at the Margins of Roman Society (Hardcover Book) (2019)

The Brothel of Pompeii: Sex, Cla... (2019)

Levin-Richardson, Sarah (Univers...

Cover for Larkoski, Andrew J. (Reed College, Oregon) · Elementary Particle Physics: An Intuitive Introduction (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Elementary Particle Physics: An ... (2019)

Larkoski, Andrew J. (Reed Colleg...

Cover for Tripurdaman Singh · Imperial Sovereignty and Local Politics: The Bhadauria Rajputs and the Transition from Mughal to British India, 1600–1900 (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Imperial Sovereignty and Local P... (2019)

Tripurdaman Singh

Cover for Davis, Carol C. (Franklin and Marshall College, Pennsylvania) · Theatre of Nepal and the People Who Make It (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Theatre of Nepal and the People ... (2019)

Davis, Carol C. (Franklin and Ma...

Cover for Thomas Biggs · The Epic Journey in Greek and Roman Literature - Yale Classical Studies (Hardcover Book) (2019)

The Epic Journey in Greek and Ro... (2019)

Cover for Lewis-Williams, David (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Image-Makers: The Social Context of a Hunter-Gatherer Ritual (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Image-Makers: The Social Context... (2019)

Lewis-Williams, David (Universit...

Cover for Jana Tschurenev · Empire, Civil Society, and the Beginnings of Colonial Education in India (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Empire, Civil Society, and the B... (2019)

Jana Tschurenev

Cover for Brozo, William G. (George Mason University, Virginia) · Engaging Boys in Active Literacy: Evidence and Practice (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Engaging Boys in Active Literacy... (2019)

Brozo, William G. (George Mason ...

Cover for Peter May · Complete Preliminary Student's Book Pack: For the Revised Exam from 2020 - Complete (Book) [2 Revised edition] (2019)

2 Revised edition

Complete Preliminary Student's B... (2019)

Cover for Caroline Cooke · Complete Preliminary Workbook without Answers with Audio Download: For the Revised Exam from 2020 - Complete (Book) [2 Revised edition] (2019)

2 Revised edition

Complete Preliminary Workbook wi... (2019)

Cover for Brozo, William G. (George Mason University, Virginia) · Engaging Boys in Active Literacy: Evidence and Practice (Paperback Book) (2019)

Engaging Boys in Active Literacy... (2019)

Brozo, William G. (George Mason ...

Cover for Richards, Richard A. (University of Alabama) · The Biology of Art - Elements in the Philosophy of Biology (Paperback Book) (2019)

The Biology of Art - Elements in... (2019)

Richards, Richard A. (University...

Cover for Francis, Gregory (Purdue University, Indiana) · Hypothesis Testing Reconsidered - Elements in Perception (Paperback Book) (2019)

Hypothesis Testing Reconsidered ... (2019)

Francis, Gregory (Purdue Univers...

Cover for Honohan, Patrick (Trinity College Dublin) · Currency, Credit and Crisis: Central Banking in Ireland and Europe - Studies in Macroeconomic History (Paperback Book) (2019)

Currency, Credit and Crisis: Cen... (2019)

Honohan, Patrick (Trinity Colleg...

Cover for Brad Philpot · English B for the IB Diploma Coursebook with Digital Access (2 Years) - IB Diploma (Book) [2 Revised edition] (2019)

2 Revised edition

English B for the IB Diploma Cou... (2019)

Cover for Reynolds, Jesse L. (University of California, Los Angeles) · The Governance of Solar Geoengineering: Managing Climate Change in the Anthropocene (Paperback Book) (2019)

The Governance of Solar Geoengin... (2019)

Reynolds, Jesse L. (University o...

Cover for Vande Moortele, Steven (University of Toronto) · The Romantic Overture and Musical Form from Rossini to Wagner (Paperback Book) (2019)

The Romantic Overture and Musica... (2019)

Vande Moortele, Steven (Universi...

Cover for Zakic, Mirna (Ohio University) · Ethnic Germans and National Socialism in Yugoslavia in World War II (Paperback Book) (2019)

Ethnic Germans and National Soci... (2019)

Zakic, Mirna (Ohio University)

Cover for Domingues da Silva, Daniel B. (Rice University, Houston) · The Atlantic Slave Trade from West Central Africa, 1780–1867 - Cambridge Studies on the African Diaspora (Paperback Book) (2019)

The Atlantic Slave Trade from We... (2019)

Domingues da Silva, Daniel B. (R...

Cover for Fulsas, Narve (Universitetet i Tromsø, Norway) · Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Making of a World Drama (Paperback Book) (2019)

Ibsen, Scandinavia and the Makin... (2019)

Fulsas, Narve (Universitetet i T...

Cover for Tina Hilgers · Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: Subnational Structures, Institutions, and Clientelistic Networks (Paperback Book) (2019)

Violence in Latin America and th... (2019)

Cover for María Isabel Isern Vivancos · Panorama hispanohablante 2 Coursebook with Cambridge Elevate edition : Spanish ab initio for the IB Diploma (Paperback Book) (2019)

Panorama hispanohablante 2 Cours... (2019)

María Isabel Isern Vivancos

Cover for Chris Fuller · Panorama hispanohablante 1 Coursebook with Digital Access (2 Years): Spanish ab initio for the IB Diploma - IB Diploma (Book) [2 Revised edition] (2019)

2 Revised edition

Panorama hispanohablante 1 Cours... (2019)

Cover for Daniele Bourdais · Panorama francophone 1 Coursebook with Digital Access (2 Years): French ab initio for the IB Diploma - IB Diploma (Book) [2 Revised edition] (2019)

2 Revised edition

Panorama francophone 1 Courseboo... (2019)

Daniele Bourdais

Cover for Kachru, Braj B. (University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign) · World Englishes and Culture Wars - Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact (Paperback Book) (2019)

World Englishes and Culture Wars... (2019)

Kachru, Braj B. (University of I...

Cover for Small, David B. (Lehigh University, Pennsylvania) · Ancient Greece: Social Structure and Evolution - Case Studies in Early Societies (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Ancient Greece: Social Structure... (2019)

Small, David B. (Lehigh Universi...

Cover for De Jong, Mayke (Universiteit Utrecht, the Netherlands) · Epitaph for an Era: Politics and Rhetoric in the Carolingian World (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Epitaph for an Era: Politics and... (2019)

De Jong, Mayke (Universiteit Utr...

Cover for Michael Moriarty · The Cambridge History of French Thought (Hardcover Book) (2019)

The Cambridge History of French ... (2019)

Michael Moriarty

Cover for Shearer, Peter M. (University of California, San Diego) · Introduction to Seismology (Hardcover Book) [3 Revised edition] (2019)

3 Revised edition

Introduction to Seismology (2019)

Shearer, Peter M. (University of...

Cover for Creti, Anna (Universite de Paris IX (Paris-Dauphine)) · Economics of Electricity: Markets, Competition and Rules (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Economics of Electricity: Market... (2019)

Creti, Anna (Universite de Paris...

Cover for Geert Keil · Aristotle's Anthropology (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Aristotle's Anthropology (2019)

Cover for Robinson, Rachel Sullivan (American University, Washington DC) · Intimate Interventions in Global Health: Family Planning and HIV Prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa (Paperback Book) (2019)

Intimate Interventions in Global... (2019)

Robinson, Rachel Sullivan (Ameri...

Cover for Kadar, Daniel Z. (University of Huddersfield) · Politeness, Impoliteness and Ritual: Maintaining the Moral Order in Interpersonal Interaction (Paperback Book) (2019)

Politeness, Impoliteness and Rit... (2019)

Kadar, Daniel Z. (University of ...

Cover for Raymond Hickey · Listening to the Past: Audio Records of Accents of English - Studies in English Language (Paperback Book) (2019)

Listening to the Past: Audio Rec... (2019)

Cover for Salikoko S Mufwene · Complexity in Language: Developmental and Evolutionary Perspectives - Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact (Paperback Book) (2019)

Complexity in Language: Developm... (2019)

Salikoko S Mufwene

Cover for Josiah Wedgwood · Wedgwood's Catalogue of Cameos, Intaglios, Medals, Bas-Reliefs, Busts, and Small Statues: Reprinted from the Edition of 1787 - Cambridge Library Collection - Art and Architecture (Paperback Book) (2019)

Wedgwood's Catalogue of Cameos, ... (2019)

Josiah Wedgwood

Cover for Theodore Stanton · Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur - Cambridge Library Collection - Art and Architecture (Paperback Book) (2019)

Reminiscences of Rosa Bonheur - ... (2019)

Theodore Stanton

Cover for Rose, Stephen (Royal Holloway, University of London) · Musical Authorship from Schutz to Bach - Musical Performance and Reception (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Musical Authorship from Schutz t... (2019)

Rose, Stephen (Royal Holloway, U...

Cover for Edwige Fortier · Contested Politics in Tunisia: Civil Society in a Post-Authoritarian State (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Contested Politics in Tunisia: C... (2019)

Cover for Jan Klabbers · The Challenge of Inter-Legality - ASIL Studies in International Legal Theory (Hardcover Book) (2019)

The Challenge of Inter-Legality ... (2019)

Cover for Hawkins, Kirk (Brigham Young University, Utah) · Contemporary US Populism in Comparative Perspective - Elements in American Politics (Paperback Book) (2019)

Contemporary US Populism in Comp... (2019)

Hawkins, Kirk (Brigham Young Uni...

Cover for Esteve, Marc (University College London) · Motivating Public Employees - Elements in Public and Nonprofit Administration (Paperback Book) (2019)

Motivating Public Employees - El... (2019)

Esteve, Marc (University College...

Cover for Watt, James (University of York) · British Orientalisms, 1759–1835 - Cambridge Studies in Romanticism (Hardcover Book) (2019)

British Orientalisms, 1759–1835 ... (2019)

Watt, James (University of York)

Cover for Max Botner · Jesus Christ as the Son of David in the Gospel of Mark - Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Jesus Christ as the Son of David... (2019)

Cover for Matthew P Loar · The Cultural History of Augustan Rome: Texts, Monuments, and Topography (Hardcover Book) (2019)

The Cultural History of Augustan... (2019)

Cover for Loren Brandt · Policy, Regulation and Innovation in China's Electricity and Telecom Industries (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Policy, Regulation and Innovatio... (2019)

Cover for Mateja Steinbrück Platise · The Legal Framework of the OSCE (Hardcover Book) (2019)

The Legal Framework of the OSCE (2019)

Mateja Steinbrück Platise

Cover for May, Larry (Vanderbilt University, Tennessee) · Ancient Legal Thought: Equity, Justice, and Humaneness From Hammurabi and the Pharaohs to Justinian and the Talmud (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Ancient Legal Thought: Equity, J... (2019)

May, Larry (Vanderbilt Universit...

Cover for Bagarello, Fabio (Universita degli Studi, Palermo, Italy) · Quantum Concepts in the Social, Ecological and Biological Sciences (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Quantum Concepts in the Social, ... (2019)

Bagarello, Fabio (Universita deg...

Cover for Rutger Hoekstra · Replacing GDP by 2030: Towards a Common Language for the Well-being and Sustainability Community (Hardcover Book) (2019)

Replacing GDP by 2030: Towards a... (2019)

Rutger Hoekstra

Cover for Loren Brandt · Policy, Regulation and Innovation in China's Electricity and Telecom Industries (Paperback Book) (2019)

Policy, Regulation and Innovatio... (2019)

Cover for Ter Haar, Barend (Universitat Hamburg) · Religious Culture and Violence in Traditional China - Elements in Religion and Violence (Paperback Book) (2019)

Religious Culture and Violence i... (2019)

Ter Haar, Barend (Universitat Ha...

Cover for Mason, Patrick Q. (Utah State University) · Mormonism and Violence: The Battles of Zion - Elements in Religion and Violence (Paperback Book) (2019)

Mormonism and Violence: The Batt... (2019)

Mason, Patrick Q. (Utah State Un...

Cover for Bavetta, Sebastiano (Universita degli Studi, Palermo, Italy) · Freedom and the Pursuit of Happiness: An Economic and Political Perspective (Paperback Book) (2019)

Freedom and the Pursuit of Happi... (2019)

Bavetta, Sebastiano (Universita ...

Cover for Tether, Leah (University of Bristol) · The General Reader and the Academy: Medieval French Literature and Penguin Classics - Elements in Publishing and Book Culture (Paperback Book) (2019)

The General Reader and the Acade... (2019)

Tether, Leah (University of Bris...

Cover for Beland, Daniel (McGill University, Montreal) · How Ideas and Institutions Shape the Politics of Public Policy - Elements in Public Policy (Paperback Book) (2019)

How Ideas and Institutions Shape... (2019)

Beland, Daniel (McGill Universit...

Cover for Van Valkengoed, Anne (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, the Netherlands) · The Psychology of Climate Change Adaptation - Elements in Applied Social Psychology (Paperback Book) (2019)

The Psychology of Climate Change... (2019)

Van Valkengoed, Anne (Rijksunive...

Cover for Sebastian Galiani · Institutions, Property Rights, and Economic Growth: The Legacy of Douglass North (Paperback Book) (2019)

Institutions, Property Rights, a... (2019)

Sebastian Galiani

Cover for Schaefer, Donovan O. (University of Pennsylvania) · The Evolution of Affect Theory: The Humanities, the Sciences, and the Study of Power - Elements in Histories of Emotions and the Senses (Paperback Book) (2019)

The Evolution of Affect Theory: ... (2019)

Schaefer, Donovan O. (University...

Cover for Wagner, Richard E. (George Mason University, Virginia) · Public Debt as a Form of Public Finance: Overcoming a Category Mistake and its Vices - Elements in Austrian Economics (Paperback Book) (2019)

Public Debt as a Form of Public ... (2019)

Wagner, Richard E. (George Mason...

Cover for Rutger Hoekstra · Replacing GDP by 2030: Towards a Common Language for the Well-being and Sustainability Community (Paperback Book) (2019)

Replacing GDP by 2030: Towards a... (2019)

Rutger Hoekstra

Cover for Saffari, Siavash (Seoul National University) · Beyond Shariati: Modernity, Cosmopolitanism, and Islam in Iranian Political Thought (Paperback Book) (2019)

Beyond Shariati: Modernity, Cosm... (2019)

Saffari, Siavash (Seoul National...

Cover for Jevon, Graham (University of Oxford) · Glubb Pasha and the Arab Legion: Britain, Jordan and the End of Empire in the Middle East (Paperback Book) (2019)

Glubb Pasha and the Arab Legion:... (2019)

Jevon, Graham (University of Oxf...

Cover for Gagliardone, Iginio (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · The Politics of Technology in Africa: Communication, Development, and Nation-Building in Ethiopia (Paperback Book) (2019)

The Politics of Technology in Af... (2019)

Gagliardone, Iginio (University ...

Cover for Eugene D Mazo · Democracy by the People: Reforming Campaign Finance in America (Paperback Book) (2019)

Democracy by the People: Reformi... (2019)

Cover for Akhtar, Ali Humayun (Bates College, Maine) · Philosophers, Sufis, and Caliphs: Politics and Authority from Cordoba to Cairo and Baghdad (Paperback Book) (2019)

Philosophers, Sufis, and Caliphs... (2019)

Akhtar, Ali Humayun (Bates Colle...

Cover for Shearer, Peter M. (University of California, San Diego) · Introduction to Seismology (Paperback Book) [3 Revised edition] (2019)

3 Revised edition

Introduction to Seismology (2019)

Shearer, Peter M. (University of...

Cover for Casewit, Yousef (University of Chicago) · The Mystics of al-Andalus: Ibn Barrajan and Islamic Thought in the Twelfth Century - Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization (Paperback Book) (2019)

The Mystics of al-Andalus: Ibn B... (2019)

Casewit, Yousef (University of C...

Cover for Creti, Anna (Universite de Paris IX (Paris-Dauphine)) · Economics of Electricity: Markets, Competition and Rules (Paperback Book) (2019)

Economics of Electricity: Market... (2019)

Creti, Anna (Universite de Paris...

Cover for Bano, Masooda (University of Oxford) · Female Islamic Education Movements: The Re-democratisation of Islamic Knowledge (Paperback Book) (2019)

Female Islamic Education Movemen... (2019)

Bano, Masooda (University of Oxf...